Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters

Financial IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ABSTRACT: Disasters of both characteristic and mechanical starting point considerably affect networks. The impacts of debacles in India are essentially diminished by settled counter calamity plans at all three degrees of government. These courses of action contain far reaching plans of avoidance, readiness, reaction and recuperation and in later occasions, of alleviation. The financial impacts of debacles can be wrecking and widespread.When fiascos strike houses, organizations and network framework get harmed or annihilated and people’s employments are incidentally and now and then forever upset. Physical harm is the most obvious monetary effect of catastrophes. Significant catastrophic events can and do have serious negative short-run monetary effects. Fiascos additionally seem to have antagonistic longer-term ramifications for financial development, advancement and destitution decrease. In any case, negative effects are not inescapable. Weakness is moving rapidly, particularly in nations encountering monetary change †quick development, urbanization and related specialized and social changes.In the Caribbean and Bangladesh there is proof of both declining affectability to typhoons and floods and expanded versatility coming about because of both financial change and open activities for catastrophe decrease. The biggest centralization of high hazard nations, progressively helpless against climatic risks, is in Sub-Saharan Africa. Dangers radiating from geophysical perils should be better perceived in exceptionally uncovered urban regions over the world on the grounds that their potential expenses are rising exponentially with financial development.Natural catastrophes cause huge budgetary weights, with both barely monetary momentary effects and more extensive long haul improvement suggestions. Reallocation is the essential monetary reaction to fiasco. Debacles have little effect on patterns in all out guide stre ams. Catchphrases: Disaster Impacts, Direct Economic Impacts, Indirect Economic Impacts, Intangible Economic Impacts. Put together by: Dr. A. PADMAVATHI, Guest Faculty, Department of MCA, S. V. U. C. C. M&C. S. , S. V. College, Tirupati-517502. Presentation: The monetary impacts of catastrophes are generally observed as physical harm to infrastructure.More regularly than not loss of salary through loss of exchanging action and the time taken to restore such action, especially for rural ventures, is neglected. The outcomes of expanded times of exchanging or creation down-time can bring about insolvency, constrained deal, business conclusion, loss of experienced specialists, a drained client base and populace shrinkage. These outcomes are exacerbated by network misfortunes bringing about a decrease in extra cash. The stream on through the calamity influenced network has been compared to the domino effect.It addresses the monetary outcomes of debacles on networks and incorporates a structure of financial recuperation standards just as systems to actualize those standards. In this distribution the term â€Å"economic† is utilized as for the expenses to the network brought about by the calamity while â€Å"financial† is utilized as for those plans planned for giving fiscal sources to help recuperation. The scope of financial impacts and outcomes on a fiasco influenced network is comparative with the particular idea of the occasion and the monetary socioeconomics of the influenced network Economic Consequences of Disasters:The financial impacts of fiascos can be destroying and boundless. At the point when catastrophes strike houses, organizations and network framework get harmed or pulverized and people’s occupations are incidentally and in some cases for all time disturbed. Physical harm is the most obvious financial effect of debacles. Be that as it may, the less obvious effects, for example, lost pay through being not able to exchange are similarly as huge and the outcomes regularly last longer than the physical harm (for instance, insolvency and business terminations). The stream on impacts through a network can be pervasive.The scope of monetary impacts and ramifications for a calamity influenced network fluctuate incredibly and rely upon both the idea of the occasion and the financial wellbeing of the network. It is additionally imperative to perceive that networks are assorted. Now and again, calamity influenced networks recoup and succeed, in others the unfavorable financial effect has a domino impact that spreads all through the network. What makes a few networks recoup and thrive and others decrease in the consequence of a calamity? What are key attributes of fiasco safe communities?These are significant inquiries and are basic to understanding the financial recuperation process. The standards and procedures recognized later in this report give a beginning stage to thinking about these inquiries. The monetary outcomes of debacles can be arranged in an assortment of ways. No single system will cover and endorse each conceivable effect a debacle may have. Every debacle has special attributes and thus in any endeavor to group these effects there will consistently be impacts that don't fit perfectly inside the classification.Nevertheless an arrangement system is a helpful guide or apparatus we can use to handle these issues. Practically all effects of catastrophes have a financial measurement, regardless of whether this monetary impact can't be estimated. Financial effects are normally isolated into two classes: substantial (those effects we can relegate a dollar incentive to) and impalpable (impacts which are not effortlessly communicated in money related terms). These effects are then additionally partitioned into immediate and roundabout effects. Direct effects are those that outcome from the physical obliteration or harm to structures, framework, vehicles and yields etc.Indirect impacts are because of the results of the harm or annihilation. Figure 1 shows the effects of debacles utilizing three fundamental classifications immediate, circuitous and immaterial. An elective methodology is to look at the effects of calamities as far as who or what is influenced. Three groupings are normal: * Public framework and network offices; * Business undertakings (business, modern, retail, administration, rural and so on); and * Residents and family units. Utilizing figure 1 and BTE Report 103 a short conversation of the immediate, circuitous and impalpable effects of calamities on every one of these three gatherings follows.FIGURE 1 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A DISASTER Culture and Heritage Clean up Infrastracture Intangible effects Health Aspects Death and injury I Indirect Impacts Business Disruption Disaster Impacts Direct Impacts Agriculture Commercial structures 1. Direct Economic Impacts: Public Infrastructure and Community Facilities: Lifelines, (for example, water and sani tation frameworks, power, gas, media communications and transport) are helpless against a wide range of debacles. Direct harm to life saver framework incorporates the quick physical harm (eg. oads split or washed away, annihilated electrical transformers, etc) and furthermore the harm which may take some time before getting noticeable (eg. quickened street crumbling because of the impact of water interruption under street asphalts). Open structures incorporate schools, kid care focuses, kindergartens, clinics, nursing homes, neighborhood focuses, houses of worship, amusement/workmanship/social focuses, historical centers, clubs, etc. Direct harm to open structures can likewise be thought of utilizing the separation into basic (eg. rooftops, dividers and so forth), substance (eg. urniture, floor covers and pro things like sound frameworks and works of art and so on) and outer (eg. Play area gear, pools and so on) harm. Business Enterprises incorporate business, mechanical, retail, ad ministration and horticultural business types. The monetary effect of debacles on rural undertakings is frequently rewarded independently from different business types. Basically anyway the effect on organizations can be seen as falling into 3 principle territories. * basic harm to structures, for example, shops,factories, plants, sheds, horse shelters, stockrooms, inns thus on.This incorporates harm to establishments, dividers, floors, rooftops, entryways, in-builtfurniture, windows and so on * substance harm to installations and fittings (eg. floor coverings), furniture, office gear, ranch hardware, records, item stock (completed fabricated items, works in progress and information materials), crops, pastures, animals and so forth and * outside harm, for instance, to engine vehicles and wall. Occupants and Households: The private area incorporates houses, pads, unit, apartments, etc. The separation of direct harm into basic (eg. rooftops, dividers and so on), substance (eg. furnitu re, floor covers and so on) and outer (eg. wimming pools, gardens and so on) is similarly helpful for this classification. 2. Backhanded Economic Impacts: Indirect effects are those that are brought about as a result of the occasion, however are not because of the immediate effect. Numerous backhanded effects are basic to people in general/network segments business, and family (for instance, disturbance and tidy up). Interruption impacts: The disturbance to the network, organizations and family units brought about by fiascos is inescapable. The monetary effect of interruption and its ramifications for network recuperation is frequently neglected, as financial recuperation can will in general spotlight on the exceptionally obvious direct physical damage.The following classifications list the regular types of disturbance applicable to every zone. Segment/Area of impact| Disruption Examples| Business| â€Lost or conceded creation (eg. fabricating, horticulture, administrations etc)â €Lost or conceded pay/exchange/deals/esteem included (eg. The travel industry administrators, retail dealers etc)â€Increased costs (eg. cargo, inputs, agistment)| Public administrations and networks| â€Transport (traffic delays, extra â€operating costs etc)â€Loss of PC controlled systemsâ€Loss of different life savers (eg. electricity)â€Governmen

Mind Body & Soul :: essays research papers

     Everyone has their own conclusions and convictions and can decipher data as they see fit. Both Bertrand Rusell and Richard Swinburne have communicated their perspectives on the subjects of the psyche soul and eternity. These are intricate regions of science and have their own thoughts of what the psyche and soul are and what there reasons for existing are.      Russell examined the irrevocability of Death. He contends that there can't be eternal life and that after the obliteration of our body’s that our recollections and character are pulverized too. He talks about the significance of dread when managing passing. He expresses this is the most grounded feeling and he likewise expresses that it is intuitive and organic and that it is valuable. He imagines that on the off chance that we genuinely had faith in future life that we ought to have no dread of death. I have a couple of sentiments about this subject. For one I believe that dreading demise can be furthering your potential benefit. For example I know individuals who have confidence in the great beyond yet they despite everything dread passing. Having this dread of death keeps them from doing any mischief to themselves. Additionally not recognizing what anticipates them in existence in the wake of death could cause this dread too. This additionally has to do with religions there are some that accept firmly that there is eternal life and that it is their predetermination to be with God.      Furthermore Russell discusses recollections and how after we pass on they do not exist anymore. I feel that he has not method of demonstrating this. I don't concur or differ with his hypothesis. I imagine that there are such a large number of approaches to record our recollections since they could generally exist. Our recollections and here and there even our character can be helped by and kept alive through our families relying upon how solid the ties are. Perhaps not the person’s whole recollections are kept however in any event a section. For example a great deal of journalists expounded on their genuine experience so we get a brief look at their life and through their works the recollections proceed.      On the other hand Swinburne talk about the connection between the mind and the spirit. He feels that once the cerebrum bites the dust that spirit does too. He thought of a relationship witch works admirably of summarizing how he feels â€Å"the soul resembles a light and the cerebrum resembles an electric light attachment.

Trashed

Biggest Landfill in the World Soon setting off to the will never again be a get-away alternative except if you don't plan to swim. There will likely be a tremendous measure of plastic and junk in the water. This is because of the Pacific rubbish vortex. The entirety of the plastic that has amassed throughout the years had either eended up in a landfill or in the sea. It is in any case, more probable that the rubbish has wound up in the sea. Junk that individuals simply hurl in the water winds up in the sea. Americans neglect to understand that waterways interface with bigger waterways which in the end prompts that onee fun extraordinary get-away spot.A junk vortex is a major lanfill of trash and plastic that winds up in the water. It is otherwise called a trash fix. Some of the time the vortex is difficult to see on the grounds that the materials sink down to the base of the sea floor. There has been considerably more trash put in the sea than a great many people figure it out. Until you really inquire about this seeing how much refuse winds up in the sea is absurd. â€Å"Because of its toughness and our expanded use in ongoing decades, researchers gauge that plastic makes up 60 to 80 percent of marine flotsam and jetsam around the world. ( â€Å"Trashing the Ocean. â€Å") This paper will additionally sum up what the pacific junk vortex is, depict the effects the garbage vortex has on the earth, talk about probably the greatest controvesies around this issue, and give my place of perspectives on the issue. A refuse vortex is an enormous zone of trash in the sea. This region of trash in the sea takes up a lot of room in the sea. â€Å" It is generally the size of Texas, containing roughly 3. 5 million tons of rubbish. â€Å" (â€Å"Trashing the Ocean†). This territory is so exceptionally huge that it can not be hidden.Sometimes the materials simply skim, yet then there are a few kinds of materials that sink into the water and are not truly obvious b y people. â€Å"The undertaking effortlessly detected a few kinds of plastic. Be that as it may, a bigger issue may sneak underneath the surface. †(â€Å"Giant Ocean-Trash Vortex Documented-A First 5). The vast majority of the garbage that has been found in the sea are things, for example, plastic containers, plastic packs, old family unit materials, and so on. There is something other than one waste vortex around the globe. â€Å"The Pacific Vortex isn’t the main one.The Atlantic and Indian sea, which have diverse ebb and flow designs, have plastic gyres of their own†(Walsh, Bryan 1). Around 10% of all the plastic delivered on the planet winds up in the sea. â€Å" Perhaps 10% of the 200 and sixty million tons of plastic delivered worldwide every year end up in the ocean a lot of it in the whirling flows of the North Pacific Gyre and other sea vortices. ( â€Å"Giant Ocean-Trash Vortex Documented-An initial 2) Plastic can not be separated so if there is noth ing done about it over some undefined time frame the sea will simply gather increasingly plastic. The greater part of our waste today is contained plastic. Plastic, which is produced using oil, is a material that the Earth can't process. All of plastic that has ever been made despite everything exists. â€Å" (â€Å"Trashing the Ocean. â€Å") If there is progressively plastic collected there will be more creatures in the sea that pass on. Nobody knows precisely when waste began turning into an issue in the sea or why it turned into an issue. The rubbish vortex has been known to slaughter a few creatures in the sea. The junk gets into the sea a couple ways.One of the manners in which that the garbage gets into the sea is by individuals tossing rubbish ashore and the downpour washing it into things, for example, sewers. There are a few distinct sizes of trash that have been tossed in the sea. â€Å"A single one liter beverages jug could separate into enough little sections to pla ce one on each mile of sea shore in the whole world. These littler particles are joined by the little pellets of plastic which are the structure wherein numerous new plastics are advertised and which can be lost adrift by the drum load or even an entire holder load. (â€Å"The Trash Vortex†). Not everything that are tossed in the sea are huge. â€Å"While enormous pieces are normal, the trash fix isn't an island of plastic, the group found on their 19-day undertaking in August. A great part of the flotsam and jetsam is as incalculable thumbnail-size pieces. †( â€Å"Giant Ocean-Trash Vortex Documented-A first†1) Sewers and waterways all lead to the sea. All the trash that winds up in the sewers in the long run end up into the sea. Another way that trash winds up in the sea is by us straightforwardly tossing things into the water.The junk vortex has an obscure effect on the network. There is an obscure effect on the network in light of the fact that relatively fe w individuals realize that this refuse exists in the sea. A portion of the individuals that know the rubbish vortex exist do what they can to help stop the issue. The junk vortex has an extremely negative effect on its condition. All the trash in the sea has slaughtered a few marine creatures. Flying creatures are biting the dust since they are confusing the garbage in the sea with nourishment and a creature can not process plastic materials. So this prompts the passing of a few marine creatures, for example, winged creatures and turtles.It has become such an issue to where there may not be numerous marine creatures if there is progressively plastic placed into the sea â€Å"In the sea, plastic waste amasses in whirling oceans of flotsam and jetsam, where plastic to the ocean life proportions are 6:1; where flying creatures and well evolved creatures are biting the dust of starvation and drying out with midsections loaded with plastics; where fish are ingesting poisons at such a ra te, that soon they will never again be protected to eat. â€Å" (â€Å"Garbage Patch. â€Å") There has additionally been an issue with the plastic due to an essiential natural compound called zooplankton.They have been discovering more rubbish in the sea than zooplankton and that isn't acceptable in light of the fact that zooplankton is fundamental to the biological system. Zooplankton are infinitesimal life forms that are significant in light of the fact that they feed the creatures in the water. Green growth is a sort of zooplankton. The rubbish in the water has additionally been known to assimilate natural contaminations which are there on purpose. At the point when they are gone it will be difficult to get more. Individuals won't understand the full impacts that this issue has until it turns into an exceptionally serious issue and prompts the passing of numerous marine animals.It can likewise turn into an extreme issue by affecting the manner in which we make some incredible memories at the sea shore or on a waterway trip. The junk vortex in the Pacific sea is a major issue predominantly in light of the fact that it is beginning to be significantly more refuse than is required. Junk in the sea can not be separated and it doesn't break down. â€Å"The very thing that makes plastic things helpful to buyers, their toughness and dependability, additionally makes them an issue in marine situations. †(â€Å"The Trash Vortex†). That implies that the creatures that eat the garbage will in the end die.That likewise implies that the quantity of marine creatures will diminish massively. That additionally implies that the rubbish will start to accumulate more awful than it is currently. That can likewise influence our water gracefully on the grounds that the water we drink on an every day needs to originate from some place. Our water must be kept clean or it could turn into an issue to the earth around us and the biological system. I accept that this issue doesn't need to remain an issue. The waste vortex can be taken care of over some stretch of time in the event that we as a whole work together to deal with the water.If we tidy up and reuse more the trash fix won't be as large as it is presently. The things we can do from our area are ensure that others reuse more and to ensure that we don't turn out to be separated of the issue by tossing things in bodies if water. There are a couple of associations that attempt to help by setting off to a portion of these territories and tidying up the land around them. It is difficult to tidy up once the plastic has floated to the base of the sea floor. The issue has not become an enormous issue yet, yet individuals have not started to take a gander at the long terms influences to the environment.If the issue doesn't stop I feel that it will assuredly turn into an issue. It will negatively affect the marine creatures. It is truly conceivable that if the issue doesn't show signs of improvem ent that we might be taking a gander at some future jeopardized species. Taking everything into account, there are such a large number of obscure things drifting in the sea you will be astounded at what individuals discover coasting in the sea â€Å"shoes, toys, packs, pacifiers, wrappers, toothbrushes, and containers too various to even consider counting are just piece of what can be found in this coincidental dump skimming halfway among Hawaii and San Francisco. (â€Å"Trashing the Ocean. †). The Pacific rubbish vortex is as yet an obscure secret. There are still things that researcher can not make sense of about this trash fix they are in reality despite everything attempting to make sense of the considerable number of subtleties. â€Å"Researchers are quick to figure out how the monstrous inundation of plastic pieces in ongoing decades influences zone creatures from bigger animals, for example, fish and flying creatures which swallow harmful plastic-to modest living bei ngs, for example, microbes and plankton.This plastic may likewise be facilitating intrusive microscopic organisms or different species scientists say†( â€Å"Giant Ocean-Trash Vortex Documented-A First 3). Waste vortex have been gradually slaughtering fowls and different kinds of creatures. This is something that should be halted as quickly as time permits in the event that we need to help spare our creatures and our property. Everybody can help in the process whether it is acknowledged or not. The land is something that ought not be underestimated. On the off chance that we need people in the future to have a land, at that point we must secure the land.Work Cited â€Å"Garbage Patch. † Think Beyond Plastic. â€Å"Giant Ocean-Trash Vortex Documented - A First. † National Geographic News. 28 Oct 2010 â€Å"Planet100: The Pacific Trash Vortex Explained. † Online Posting. Youtube, 7 June 2010. Silverman, Jacob. â€Å"Why is the universes greatest landfill i n

Paper On Production And Cost Analysis - Free Essay Example

Production and Cost Analysis Please read this article and answer the questions keeping in mind the information we have covered in the textbook: Fundamentals of Managerial Economics by Mark Hirschey (at least a good paragraph for each question) Article #1: Supersizing Hits Freight World By JENNIFER LEVITZ AUGUST 15, 2010, The Wall Street Journal When Kraft Foods Inc. packs trucks with weighty items such as jars of Miracle Whip and pouches of Capri Sun juice, 40% of the rigs must leave the loading dock partly empty to avoid exceeding federal truck weight limits. Kraft says those rules force it and others to make extra trips and spend more on fuel. Now, the Illinois food giant is part of a coalition of 150 companies lobbying Congress to allow trucks that are 20% heavier on U. S. highways. Supporters of the idea say truckers could pay an extra fee to offset road repairs. Some 19 Western governors wants Congress to allow for more giant trailers, like this triple tractor trailer. There is an arms race of sorts in the shipping industry—and it is prompting a backlash. Efforts are under way to supersize trucks, trains, and cargo ships as freight haulers look to move more goods in fewer trips. Driving the trend are rising fuel costs, an emphasis on reducing carbon footprints and capacity constraints created during the recession as freight movers scaled down, said Paul Bingham, managing director of transportation markets for the research firm IHS Global Insights. Road-safety officials say rigs are big enough now. Its insane, said Deputy Chris Rizzo, a truck inspector for Loudon County, Va. , of efforts to increase the weight limits set by Congress in 1974. I can actually feel bridges bouncing up and down when trucks go over them, he said. The heavier the truck, the more the bridge bounces. Earlier this year, California safety regulators were alarmed when a record-setting, 3. 4-mile train—two to three times the length of a typical freight train— rolled through Southern California. Witnesses dubbed it the monster train and posted videos online. It turned out to be a test by Union Pacific Corp. , which increased the length of its intermodal trains 15% in the first quarter, and was experimenting with an even longer train. Richard Clark, director of safety for the California Public Utilities Commission, said there was no otice of the experimental train, and the agency didnt realize it would be that long. We were surprised, he said. Longer trains raise concerns about blocked rail crossings, especially when emergency vehicles need to cross tracks, and about whether trains can safely make turns, he said. A Union Pacific spokesman said the company did make required federal notifications but in hindsight, we probably should have made the courtesy call to state agencies also. Union Pacific said the ultra-long train was a one-time test. But in an April earnings conference call, a company official said Union Pacific believes it can increase its average train length by another 10% to 15% in an effort to reduce fuel use and emissions as well as wear and tear on its tracks. Other railroads, including CSX Corp. , and BNSF Railway Co. , have also been running longer trains to improve efficiencies, these companies said. The big rigs that cruise the nations roadways may be getting not only heavier but longer. Separately from the companies that are pushing for higher weights, which include Kraft, Coca-Cola Co. and MillerCoors, a group of 19 Western governors are lobbying Congress to allow for more doubles and triples—multiple trailers hitched together than can span up to 120 feet—on Western highways. Currently, most interstates allow rigs no longer than 53 feet. In general, states can individually set limits on truck size and weight on state roads, but not for federal highways. The Western Governors Association says longer trucks would make it easier to haul goods across vast distances in the West, which could benefit the region economically. Doubles and triples typically have to bypass federal roads and stick to state roads, sometimes forcing them to take longer routes to their destination. The governors group estimates that miles traveled by heavy trucks could be cut by 25% with the use of more combos. Meanwhile, new cargo vessels as long as three football fields now ply the oceans and are expected to be frequent visitors to Eastern U. S. ports starting in 2014, with the completion of the widening of the Panama Canal, the primary shipping conduit between Asia and the East Coast. They are almost 25% longer and 35% wider than todays ships that use Eastern ports. Ports such as Savannah, Ga. , are starting to deepen channels in preparation, though residents arent as eager. Horrifying, really, really horrifying, Toby Bronstein, a retired advertising executive who lives in Caswell Beach, N. C. , said of the ships. They defy the imagination in terms of their size. Ms. Bronstein a nd other residents say the giant ships could change the character of coastal towns that rely on tourism. Ms. Bronstein and neighbors in coastal North Carolina recently successfully fought a megaport proposed for Southport, a city of 2,500 people. The North Carolina Ports Authority is now seeking another site for a $2 billion port big enough for the new ships. Congress this fall may considering changing the law that since 1974 has limited trucks to 80,000 pounds on interstate highways. A bill proposed by Rep. Michael Michaud (D. , Maine) would allow states to raise that limit to 97,000 pounds on interstates for trucks that have a sixth axle to compensate for the extra weight. The measure, which has an identical bill in the Senate, may be considered as part of Congresss reauthorization of the multiyear, $286. 5 billion surface transportation law whose funding ends Dec. 31. Under the higher weight limits, Kraft could load trucks more fully, reducing trucks used by 6%, saving 6. 6 million gallons of fuel and eliminating 73,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually, said Harry Haney, Krafts associate director of transportation planning. MillerCoors says it could transport 1. 31 million barrels of beer weekly on 7,420 trucks, a 25% reduction in rigs. Supporters say Canada, Mexico and countries in Europe adopted higher weight limits without ill effects. Among opponents are survivors of the 2007 Minneapolis bridge collapse, public-safety officials and some truckers. The Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association, whose members are concerned they would be forced to buy costly new rigs, said the stability of a rig is substantially reduced on bigger and heavier trucks. Railroads also are working against higher weight limits since bigger trucks could take business. Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D. , N. J. ) and Rep Jim McGovern (D. Mass. ) have filed legislation to ban bigger and heavier trucks. Jane Mathis of the Truck Safety Coalition, an Arlington, Va. , gro up comprising truck-crash survivors and victims families, said her son and his wife were killed by a tractor-trailer that crashed into their car. We dont need bigger trucks; we need safer trucks, she said in a statement supporting Sen. Lautenbergs bill. Questions: QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the trends in the trucking industry. What are the factors driving these trends? 2. Companies often use large batch sizes to achieve economies of scale. List the expenses that are reduced or removed by using large trucks. What are the expenses throughout the supply chain that are increased by using a large truck? Include expenses mentioned in the article, as well as other expenses that you suspect will be increased. 3. The article highlights the struggle between size and flexibility. Describe the trade-off between the size of a shipment and operations flexibility. Why is this important? Can this trade-off be quantified? How? 4. What impact might a large shipment have on quality? What about these large warehouses might make quality worse? Better? Why? 5. Is there a break-even point for the size of these trucks where the investment is not cost justified? Refer to the textbook, how would you set up an equation to calculate this break-even point? 6. The article provides an opportunity to discuss the waste involved in using large batch sizes. What is the waste that is introduced by having large batch size? How is this waste increased as the batch size becomes larger? What strategies might a manufacturer utilize to minimize or optimize batch sizes? Evaluate your own operation based on the business you are familiar with. What portions of your operation have grown so large that waste is inevitable? How can you reduce the waste in this portion of your operation? ***************************************************************************** In addition to these questions, please provide a 2-4 page Market Structure Analysis (https://www. oup. com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/ additional/page_11. htm) for . Remember to discuss all relevant economic issues. Please cite all sources.

Wedding Planner Thesis - 3134 Words

CHAPTER 1 Rationale of the Study According to Toon van Beeck and George Van Horn (senior analysts in IBISWorld), the wedding business is a key revenue contributor to a diverse mix of local businesses. Weddings are customized, and therefore not prone to efficiency, and they often occur on an irregular timeline. In the face of rising demands for wedding planners, it is important to investigate one of the wedding businesses here in our country. While businesses normally experiences threats, the study was conducted to determine the solution of the business in responding to those threats. In lieu to that, this would help us researchers be cognizant to how a particular business operates and how they value customer relationships. Statement of†¦show more content†¦Another article excerpt compiled by Ellen Terrell entitled â€Å"Wedding Industry Research† states that the wedding industry is a large industry and it entails lots of reasons. First, it is made up of multiple smaller enterprises like caterers, wedding consultants, dresses, various beauty suppliers (hair, makeup), photographers, favors/bridesmaids gifts, music, honeymoon related, etc. Second, many of the smaller components like caterers, DJs, and photographers, wedding favors, invitations, etc. also do other events without necessarily breaking their business down into wedding versus non-wedding. And third, because some of the individuals and businesses that provide services and products may only work part-time on wedding-related services to supplement their income or out of friendship, there will either be a minimal charge or no charge at all. She added that services included in the said industry are: Dresses, Consultants, Food, Video graphy, Disc Jockey, Favors/Bridesmaid Gifts, and Destination Weddings. Competitor Analysis Existing Competitors: Debuts and I do’s - is an event planning company that provides hassle-free packages and event planner services for weddings, debuts and other social events in Cebu, Bohol, Tagaytay and Manila. Fame’s wedding Concepts and Events – they specialize not onlyShow MoreRelatedAn Enduring Challenge For The World Class Education System3315 Words   |  14 Pageswill provide the outcome of a respected standard of scientific methods. 3.1 Research Philosophy Research philosophy is an uncomplicated way of questioning in order to gather, analyze and use the data (Crossan, 2003). The philosophy of this thesis will comprise both positivists and naturalist tools for obtaining information (Rubin Rubin , 2012). 3.1. A Positivists This research requires the use of quantitative tools that accentuate measuring the gathered data (Rubin Rubin , 2012). ThisRead MoreResearch Paper-Manila Hotel3275 Words   |  14 PagesI. 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Academic PublishingRead MoreBusiness Strategies Of Tesco PLC24572 Words   |  99 Pagesconcurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. The correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan,Read MoreA Study on Retail Loans12064 Words   |  49 Pagesinstitute for banking and insurance for honoring the skills of existing professionals and initiating people in the trade. His place as a visionary and meticulous thinker will remain unfilled for a long time. He was a combination of philosopher, thinker, planner and sympathizer-qualities very few possess. 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Poverty in Kenya, Africa - 868 Words

Poverty is one of the biggest problems that the world faces in present time. The poverty that takes place in more underdeveloped countries such as Kenya, Africa, is majorly affecting the citizens because of the diseases that are being spread throughout the entire state, the lack of medical supplies that is needed for each doctor, and unsanitary water and a very insufficient amount of food. The health and well being of the citizens of Kenya, Africa is horrific, many of the diseases that are spread are very severe which can sooner or later lead to death. With Kenya’s many water sources, Kenya has a high rate of water-borne diseases. Most of these water-borne diseases are not found in developed countries because of the sophisticated water†¦show more content†¦Although, rates of HIV and AIDS infection have slowed during recent years, it is still a major problem. Millions of families are impacted by these serious conditions and diseases making it hard for them. Either the government needs to help the citizens by investigating more into the problem and then help prevent it or more people are going to keep dying due to these severe diseases. A major factor in the recurring food crisis in Kenya, Africa is the lack of political will to make Kenya’s food more secure. Many of the reasons and causes of the food problem is the high prices which none of the Kenyans can afford and also their past president, Mwai Kibaki had failed to provide solutions to prevent for shortage and hunger. Instead famine and drought were declared as â€Å"national disasters† instead of the lack of food. Over ten million citizens of Kenya, Africa suffer from poor nutrition as well as persistent food insecurity. More then two million people require food assistance which is mostly always due to droughts and floorings that occur. Recently a conflict has occurred in east Africa, where Kenya is, and according to the United States World Food Programme, â€Å"the conflict h as driven hundred of thousands of people from their homes, adding a whole new layer of hardship in a country where many people were already struggling to find theirShow MoreRelatedHiv / Aids And Aids1472 Words   |  6 Pagessub-Saharan Africa. The damage caused by HIV/AIDS strips families, communities, and increases poverty. In Kenya, the plague has mainly targeted those in the fertile and reproductive age groups. According to estimates by the United Nations of AIDS (UNAIDS), â€Å"Indication of 22.5 million people were living with HIV in Africa, over 1.6 million people were estimated to have died from this syndrome, and well over 11 million children have been orphaned by AIDS.† The effects that AIDS have on Kenya are extremelyRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On African Nation1353 Words   |  6 Pages Poverty in Africa has strike the people living there extremely horrible. Africa is the second largest continent in the world. It holds about 1.1 million people, which is 15% of the world’s population. Poverty is about have not enough money to meet basic needs of living which includes food, clothing, and shelter. Being that Africa has a lack of the materials for a humans needs to have a role in society. Although over about 500 billion dollars is sent directly aid the African nation the money is beingRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Literacy As Foreign Aid704 Words   |  3 PagesAid to Developing Nations Abosi, Okey. Educating Children With Learning Disabilities In Africa. Learning Disabilities Research Practice (Wiley-Blackwell) 22.3 (2007): 196-201. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Sept. 2014. Abosi addresses the concern of children in African classrooms that are challenged with learning disorders and examines the diverse contributing factors such as: health issues, poverty, lack of school materials, and motivational issues, and how they interfere with the learningRead MoreEthiopi A Country Living Of Poverty900 Words   |  4 PagesUnfortunately, Ethiopia is considered to be a country living in poverty. However, Ethiopians are continuously striving towards perfecting their country. The people of Ethiopia are determined to rise above the challenges and put forth the effort to fix their state of poverty. In the following portfolio, the author will compare and contrast the key features in Ethiopia, observe the future challenges and directions that health care is striving to achieve, and describe the key contributions that helpRead MoreWhat Are The Causes Of Famine In Four Countries764 Words   |  4 PagesFamine in Four Countries Kenya Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Faced with devastating, debilitating droughts, Somalia, Nigeria, South Sudan, and Yemen struggle to cope with famine, an obstacle that hinders all people within the nation. In Somalia, over 2.9 million people are at risk because of famine. In Yemen, 18.8 million are in need of assistance, and in South Sudan, over 40% of the population is in need of food urgently, while 100,000 are in imminent danger of death by starvation.Read MoreThe Worst Form Of Inequality1096 Words   |  5 Pageseven people who live below the poverty line have access to government assistance, and emergency health care. Third world or Developing countries have numerous social issues among them poverty, War, lack of healthcare, and corruption. Developing countries are defined by per Capital Gross National Income, 11,905 dollars or lower is considered a developing country. Many of the developing countries of the world are in Africa. It is estimated that two million people in Africa die from AIDS each year, thousa ndsRead MoreThe Severe Water Crisis Of Africa Is One Of The World s Leading Problems1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe severe water crisis in Africa is one of the World’s leading problems. Kenya and South Africa have always had limited water resources, and now with their population continuing to grow, an increase in the demand for water is needed now more than ever before. Water plays a crucial role in continuing to help the continent of Africa develop and grow. This lack of water affects food security, impoverished people, and their health. Imagine spending one-third of your day collecting water from the nearestRead MoreThe United States1518 Words   |  7 Pagesadvantage. For many years Africa has been floating in the U.S radar. The U.S has looked for ways to cultivate the land, understand the culture; people and strengthens its relationship with the African government. In recent years the continent has grown significantly with the opportunity of U.S market access and the creation of new export trade avenues to Africa. 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I first passion was learning about the culture and various religions in central African and other regions on that continent. When it comes to risk factor, China and African has a lot going and against it due to the develop pollution that settles on this vast land. Risk is the ability to gain or lose something

Business Loyalty vs. Ethics

Question: Discuss about the Business Loyalty vs. Ethics. Answer: Conflicts of interest, personally experienced in personal or professional roles I work as a sale person in a retail store, where I have to sell things of the store to the people and once the things are being sold to the people, it is the rule of the store to not to return any item. I am well aware of this thing, and but there are few customers there, who offer me with extra money in the name of tip. In exchange, they want to return the thing that they have purchased and in this particular situation, I face the conflict of interest. Perceiving a potential conflict and the ways ensuring that this conflict does not lead to any unethical behaviour One of the most important ways to ensure that there is not any conflict is to follow the rules and regulation that is being laid by the organization. It is important to be straightforward and honest about the rules regulations that are being laid by the organizations, to the customers. It would help in arising less complicated situation and the customer too, understand that the responsibilities that needs to be carried out by a particular person. At times if taking decision or making a choice become a difficult thing then it is important to take the help of the superior, they could help in the best way possible (YouTube. 2016). Others conflicts of interest can affect how you or those you know were treated. In my retail store, a colleague of mine has a relationship, with one of the senior official of the organization. The particular relationship in his personal life had an effect on his professional life as well, because he was rewarded, even though the work carried out by him is equal or even at time inferior to us. The other employees too have to face this discrimination, which created resentment among them. Policies that the organizations could implement to try to reduce conflicts of interest or costs The organization could implement policies such as breach of trust, for those people, who utilize or rather, exploit their position and provide some advantages to the people (Thomas 2016). In such a case, legal action should be taken against those employees and this will reduce unethical things in the organization for fulfilling their interest (Drexler 2012). Personal Experience I had a group of friends during my school days and most of them, and in fact, all of them were shopaholic except for me. I remembered a time when my financial conditions were not that pleasant, at least for me, and spending money for shopping would be a luxury for me at that time. Still, to be in that group I had to shop and I had to confirm to other peoples notion. Yes, I regret about that today because I feel like that if I would not have done that then I would have probably save money for my future, for something that is fruitful for my career, and at the same time, I would have supported my parents as well. Cheating is Contagious There are certain incidents that come up every day or rather almost every day, which proves that cheating is there on every level of society. Even in the marital relationship, there are certain incidents, which provide us with a shock, because we do not except these things from a particular person. Slowly, we find out that it is the result of what is happening outside around, in the friend circle is affecting these people. Therefore, it can be said that the thing at times sounds true and it sounds true mainly because those people, who try to confirm to their friends and to that group where they belong, practice these things. Balancing Loyalty and Ethical Integrity It is true that it is difficult to choose between ethics and loyalty, and most of the time when people have to choose between these two things, the best thing that they should do is, go by the definition of loyalty. The definition of loyalty refers to the fact that a person can be loyal either to another person or to a cause (Amanet.org. 2010). Thus, although, it is difficult and need great strength to fight the friends one should try to fight for the goods of their friends and be loyal to the cause and not to anyone else (YouTube. 2016). Groupthink "Groupthink is something that occurs if there is any kind of pressure within a group, and the pressure allows an individual to confirm to those facts, even if that is unethical (Janis 2015). Yes, I have been subject to groupthink, when I for the first time, am enrolled myself in the college. During that time friends were often into drinking and I am someone who does not like drinking that much, although, I confirm to the group and drank with them, for which I regret now. Ethical Fading Ethical fading is a mechanism, where the intuition, sub conscious as well as self-deception help in disregarding the moral component or the ethical component of a particular action (Ethical Leadership from Andrew Leigh. 2016). Most of the time the ethical decisions are taking emotionally, but in case of ethical fading there is cognitive rationalization (YouTube. 2016). I myself has faced such a situation in my life when one day, I saw the pictures of child labour and the workers condition of people working in the factory of Nike, and in other companies such as, Nike, who are outsourcing workers from the developing countries. I knew everything, yet at the time of shopping, I forgot those pictures and those messages easily without much problem. Intentional Unethical Decision Yes, I have taken unethical decision to please the higher authority, and it happened when I was working in the retail store and I need to retain my job at any cost. Therefore, when my boss asked me to, manipulate the sales figure, I did that because I wanted to save my job. Later on, I felt bad for that because that was something that was done to manipulate the accounts of the company, which is beneficial for the company, but not that much beneficial for the people working in that company. Victim of Ethical Fading The case, which involves the selling of Daraphim at a very high price to the customer is such a case that cause trouble to them, is case of ethical fading, where the patients, who have to take this particular drug is the victim of ethical fading. Martin Shkreli, the CEO of Turin Pharmaceutical sold these drugs at a price of $750, when the previous price was $13.00 and thus, the patients who have to take these drugs are affected largely, although the thing was just business strategy for the company (Court 2016). The pharmaceutical company although, claimed that they will lower the prices of the drugs but then it will only be provided to the hospitals and only those who are hospitalize would enjoy the benefit of this particular drug (Duggar 2016). Thus, this particular section count for a very small proportion, and thus only a small section of the people are benefitted and most of the people has become the victim of this particular incident at the same time. References Amanet.org. (2010).Loyalty vs. Ethics: From the White House to the Workplace. Court, E. (2016).Heres why Daraprim still costs $750 a pill. MarketWatch. Drexler, D. (2012). The Huffington Post. Duggar, J. (2016).The role of integrity in individual and effective corporate leadership. 1st ed. Ethical Leadership from Andrew Leigh. (2016).Ethical fading: is it happening right under your nose?. Janis, I.L., 2015. Groupthink: the desperate drive for consensus at any cost.Classics of Organization Theory, p.161. Thomas, R. (2016).Conflict Management Systems: A Methodology for Addressing the Cost of Conflict in the Workplace. Mediate.com. YouTube. (2016).Conflict of Interest. YouTube. (2016).Conformity Bias. YouTube. (2016).Ethical Fading.

The Importance of the Diary for a Study of Archbishop Laud Essay Example

The Importance of the Diary for a Study of Archbishop Laud Paper William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 has traditionally been seen as one of the twin pillars of Stuart despotism1, and the councillor whose influence cost Charles his crown. Though a great deal of contention has surrounded these, and other assumptions about the Archbishop in recent years, the diary, which Laud kept between the years of 1602 and 1643 has not been widely used as a source for his study. It is important to consider Laud not only as primate, but also as an individual in order to obtain the fullest possible understanding of him. As Gaunt has argued that Laud is one of those unfortunate historical figures whose biography has been penned largely from the writings of his enemies2, I feel that an attempt should be made to study Laud solely through his own writings, but in particular his diary, as it was Pynnes falsification of the text after he seized it in 1643 that led to such negative views about the Archbishop, and tainted contemporary and even later historical opinion. Through examination of the diary, I wish to ascertain what can be discovered about Lauds aims and beliefs, his significant relationships, his fears and crucially, his character, and how all of these affected his policies and decisions. The primary source for the dissertation will be Lauds diary, with the composition chiefly focused upon perceptions raised from it, using Lauds other works, letters and charges, as well as Prynnes commentary of the diary and Clarendons account of Laud to supplement these notions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of the Diary for a Study of Archbishop Laud specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of the Diary for a Study of Archbishop Laud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of the Diary for a Study of Archbishop Laud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However this may mean that a large proportion of the dissertation will be theoretical as much of my argument will be based on what can be inferred from what Laud does, and even fails to record. A study of the diary is particularly important to me because I find Laud to be a fascinating character around whom much historiographical argument is centred. He was pivotal to the breakdown of the Personal Rule, and I believe it will be particularly interesting to examine events from his perspective. . Religion has been labelled a fundamental and deep-rooted cause of the English Civil war3; hence there has been much debate over the key priorities and aims of William Laud, who as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633, played a crucial role in the formation and enforcement of religious policy during the 1630s. Historians, such as McGee, have long claimed that Lauds outlook compromised of three central features; he set himself firmly against public theological controversy and believed in the benefits of ceremony. Underlying and informing these was his deep conviction that the Reformation had deprived clergymen of authority restoration of the clerical estate to its rightful place was absolutely necessary4. As evidence exists within the diary which supports this argument, each of these directives will be considered in turn through an examination of the text, in an attempt to determine the strength of Lauds ecclesiastical aims, and ascertain if there was, as McGee claims, a key priority within these. It is manifest that Laud believed the prevention of theological debate was imperative if order and stability were to be brought to the Church of England; an objective which led him to pursue a fierce campaign against radical opinion, focused particularly on Puritans. By rejecting the common forms of worships, Laud thought that they segregated themselves from the community and encouraged religious controversy, and were thus acting as a fifth column within the church; these are dangerous men, they are a scattered company5. Preaching, to Puritans the essential task of the ministry, was to Laud one such dangerous source of contention in need of regulation, a mindset which is palpable throughout the diary, for example 1625, he writes of the schedule he compiled at the Duke of Buckinghams request, in which the names of many Churchmen were marked with the letters O. and P. 6, in order that the King should be advised when appointing clerics as to which were Orthodox, and which were Puritan, and therefore suitable and unsuitable respectively. Aware that the Puritan laity were able to increase their influence over religion by financing lecturers from impropriated titles; lecturers who were often chosen to reflect their patrons preferment rather than uphold the articles of the church, Laud resolved to overthrow the feoffment, dangerous to both Church and State, an irrefutably strong intention given that he ranked it second in the extensive list of Things which I have projected to if God bless me in them7,written at the back of his diary. True to Lauds suspicions, in 1632 Attorney General William Noy uncovered that many lecturers paid for by the feoffees for impropriations, the City organisation involved with the buying up of church tithes and patronages, remained accountable to them, leading to allegations that the feoffees were an illegal corporation which was attempting to create a church within a church, outside the authority of the King. Noting in February 1632 his relief that the feoffees for impropriations were dissolved in the Chequer Chamber, Lauds adds that they were the main instrument for the Puritan faction to undo the Church8, which taken alongside his diary entry of 1638, the tumults in Scotland about the Service-Book offered to be brought in hath now brought that king down in danger. No question, but theres a great concurrence between them and the Puritan party in England9, conclusively demonstrates his deeply-held and unwavering belief that Puritans were engaged in organised political activity to destabilise the Caroline regime. Thus, despite the assertions of other ministers, such as Archbishop Abbott, that there is not in the Church of England, left any inconformable minister, which appeareth10, it is evident from the diary that Laud in no way shared this view, and instead set himself firmly against the danger posed by theological controversy which he believed Puritans, in particular, engendered. The diary also demonstrates the emphasis Laud placed on the prevention of predestination discussion, which by start of the Personal Rule had become a serious and explosive issue within the public and political sphere. Richard Montagus, A Gagg for the New Gospel, published in 1624, had ignited debate on the matter through his controversial Arminian assertion that the Church of England hath not taught it, doth not believe it, hath opposed it11. Though Charles and his Privy Council went to lengths to quieten controversy thereafter, Laud remained fearful that the political repercussions of the cause, book and opinions of Richard Montagu would constitute what he described as, a cloud arising and threatening the Church of England12. Attempts to control the destabilising impact of theological debate culminated in a royal proclamation in 1629 which banned discussion of predestination, as Charles and Laud believed that the way to secure orthodoxy was not to prove the true doctrine, but to silence all disputation which could lead to a re-opening of public debate. However, there has been much historical debate as to whom was truly impacted by the proclamation; Kevin Sharpe has argued that Laud himself was indifferent to the varying abstractions of predestination, as his main attachment was to uniformity of worship rather than the minutiae of theological dispute13, and thus where predestinarian debate was curbed, it was done so in an unbiased manner, a view supported by Julian Davies, who uses the Woodstock hearing of August 1631 as the foundation for his debate, asserting that it is here that Lauds theological attitude is most convincingly illustrated. At the hearing, Charles personally oversaw the case of several Oxford clerics accused of delivering Calvinist statements in direct contravention of the royal proclamation against predestination preaching. During proceedings, allegations were made that whilst these men had been silenced and punished for their beliefs, others had been freely permitted to express Arminian views, causing Charles, having ever desired that those points should be forborne on both sides indifferently, to demand of Laud the truth of the matter. Faced with Charles intervention, Laud made a solemn promise before God that he had upon all occasions required that those who preached either way should be proceeded with indifferently14. Davies and Sharpe have been content to take these words at face value, and indeed there is nothing in the diary that directly suggests Lauds subjective stance on the matter of predestination; his account of the hearing, though lengthy, is wholly factual, and nowhere does he record his own theological views or express any opinion on the issue, which lends weight to Sharpes claim that Laud did not debate doctrine because it was not of great interest to him15. David Como, on the other hand, refutes this claim and instead argues that Laud was engaged in a systematic policy to cut down Calvinist discourse, and that his assertions of impartiality at Woodstock were for the benefit of the manuscript of proceedings, which he knew would be printed and circulated, and were thus little more than a deliberate attempt to manipulate public opinion and quell rumours of unjust treatment towards anti-Laudians16. It is evident that Laud placed a huge amount of importance on the Woodstock hearing, as it is one of only eleven events that he lists in his days of observance to me at the fore of his diary, meriting a place beside incidents such as the Duke of Buckinghams death and the birth of Charles II. It must therefore be questioned why Laud should place so much significance upon Woodstock; if Como is to be believed, perhaps Laud recognised it as the key moment in which his neutrality on the issue of predestination was publicly accepted by the King and key privy councillors, despite the Arminian gloss he was in fact promoting on the articles of religion. However this is little more than an assumption as evidence on the issue is not wholly conclusive, thus the diarys vital importance lies in alerting the reader to Lauds fear of public predestinarian debate, and the importance he placed on the hearing at Woodstock in conjunction to this, though further speculation is required if the extent of significance the latter held for him is to be fully understood. Though McGees argues that Laud placed great value on the beauty of holiness, as he believed that the people would not respect the inward part of religion, the greater part, if the outward face were neglected17, extraordinarily little evidence to substantiate this can be found within the diary. Laud briefly writes of his desire to repair St. Pauls, and visits made to consecrate and view various parish churches, yet does not mention anything on the reforms implemented within them, nor his views on the controversy these changes caused, which is rather peculiar considering at his trial in 1645 he stated that for his whole career he had laboured nothing more, than the external worship of God (too much slighted in most parts of this kingdom) might be preserved18. Most divisive of these interior reforms was the charge to alter the placement of the Communion table from the centre of the church to the upper end of the chancel north and south and a rail before it or round it to keep it from annoyance19, which is usually accredited by historians as highly significant; indeed it is the only point out of thirteen in Lauds June 1635 Metropolitical Visitation Charge which is completely new. It is therefore surprising that nothing is mentioned in the diary of the November 1633 case of St. Gregorys, which held great importance because of its usage as a test case, in that Laud and Charles brought the relatively minor issue of the complaints of the St. Gregorys parishioners concerning the altar policy before the Privy Council in order to use their ruling as the national example. Davies argues that Charles was the chief enthusiast of the altar policy, because he believed that the communion table, as the seat of Gods presence in church, should be shown as much respect as his own throne, and thus its elevation was a visual and mnemonic means of impressing a greater respect for his pretensions to divine right20, and indeed if it was Charles who pushed for the reform, whilst Lauds support was only half-hearted, this could explain why nothing is recorded on the issue in his dairy. However, from records of the St. Gregorys hearing this does not seem plausible as it is Laud, not Charles, who attempted to drive the policy forwards; it is he who highlights the importance of consistency within the church and the significance of St. Gregorys close proximity to St. Pauls; when strangers come from beyond the sea and saw the table stand altar wise in St. Pauls but out at the door and saw the table stand otherwise in St. Gregorys, what a disunion would they say was in the Church of England, and he who argues the legality of the reform due to its basis in tradition, citing a ruling made under Queen Elizabeth that the communion table should be set in the chancel21. Although Charles ruled against the parishioners of St. Gregorys, his verdict in fact limited the extent of effective altar reform, as he left the decision of how the communion table should be placed to the discretion of each parish ordinary whose place and function it doth belong to give direction22, and therein lies the most probable explanation for Lauds silence; as he only achieved a half-victory at the hearing, it is plausible that he did not wish to record it due to disappointment, or perhaps anger. Nevertheless, despite this conjecture, it remains questionable that so little is mentioned of the other ceremonial and aesthetical reforms that were implemented under Laud, thus the possibility must be considered, despite the claims of multiple historians, that they were not as prominent a concern in Lauds daily life as other ecclesiastical aims. Last, and most important of Lauds key aims as argued by McGee, was that of his desire to re-establish the authority of the Church of England, an objective which stemmed from his belief that since the Reformation in the late 1530s the church had greatly diminished in power and influence. The loss of lands after the dissolution of the monasteries had led to a reduction of church income and eventual deficit of wealth, a concern of Lauds that is most clearly demonstrated in his diary entry of March 1624, in which his suggestion is recorded that, for the sake of the poorer priests, the four subsidies voted by the Clergy in Convocation should be paid by instalments. The idea was first presented by Laud to the Duke of Buckingham and Lord Durham, who strongly approved of the notion, and affirmed that, it was the best office that was done for the Church this seven years. However, when suggested to James, the proposal was met with his grave displeasure and the comment that never any Bishop attempted the like at any time, nor would any but myself have done it. That I had given the Church such a wound, in speaking to any laity to it23; a reaction which is very telling of the strength and singularity of Lauds determination if none but he would have dared propose schemes which benefited the clergy at the cost of the crown. From Lauds arguably rather impertinent response to James that I thought I had done a very good office for the Church: and so did my betters think. And I hoped, being done out of a good mind, for the support of many poor vicars who must needs sink under three subsidies in a year, my error (if it were one) was pardonable, the strength of Lauds feelings on the issue are indisputable as despite James strong negative reaction, Laud appears loath to relinquish his position on the matter, or admit his proposal as a mistake. Such devotion to the restoration of church wealth can also be seen through examination of Lauds attentions to Ireland, reports of the dearth of which had shocked him to such an extent that he avowed in his list of Things which I have projected to if God bless me in them, that he would procure King Charles to give all the impropriations, yet remaining in the crown, within the realm of Ireland, to that poor Church. 4 Lauds letters to Strafford verify that he did indeed acquaint his Majesty with this, and he likes it well25, which arguably demonstrates his particular fervency for this aim; having already experienced James severe displeasure when proposing a similar scheme which involved the loss of his own wealth in order to benefit the clergy, it is surprising that he risked a similar negative reaction from Charles, though it is possible he was more confident of his compliance with this aim.

Theory of Knowledge Essay †Philosophy

Theory of Knowledge Essay – Philosophy Free Online Research Papers Theory of Knowledge Essay Philosophy For over the millennia, philosophers have questioned whether knowledge exists and if we know anything at all. The product from uncertainty is the theory of knowledge. It is actually quite hard to define knowledge; the dictionary defines knowledge as general awareness or possession of information, facts, ideas, truths, or principles but philosophers define knowledge as a belief which is in agreement with the facts. A belief is generally defined as acceptance by the mind that something is true or real, often underpinned by an emotional or spiritual sense of certainty. The question is do we know what a fact is and what sort of parallel corresponds these two? This is the difference between â€Å"I am certain† and â€Å"it is certain†. When we say â€Å"I am certain†, we already know who the subject is: it is I. When we say â€Å"it is certain†, who or what is the subject? â€Å"I am certain† generally relates to a belief. You can be certain on something like â€Å"I am certain that I will win the race† but someone else may hold that to be false because they say the same thing. There is like tug-of-war between the two’s thoughts but whoever wins the war doesn’t mean their certainty is higher than anyone else’s belief. So who will win the race? What if someone else, who didn’t have that belief won, and then wouldn’t your belief be shattered? â€Å"I am certain† makes one feel better. It is mostly bias and are opinionated predictions based on numerous factors like emotion, spiritual sense, life experiences, etc. because the subject is I. Humans are known to be selfish and greedy throughout history. The degree of certainty is very low and therefore it is not trustworthy. What about â€Å"it is certain†? We don’t know who the subject is in this statement. ‘It’ could be anything from news to time. Depending on the subject and the statement proposed, the degree of certainty varies. If the subject was news, we couldn’t trust everything we read. When the Apollo 11 made the first landing on the moon in 1969, it was world news and everyone held that to be true for decades. In the middle of the 1990s, people started to question whether this was a hoax or not. When the bombing of the World Trade Center happened on September 11, 2001, there were photos and thousands of eyewitness accounts to reinforce the statement â€Å"it is certain†. We could be certain there is an attack on that day because eyewitness accounts exceed the numbers on the Apollo 11 mission by couple of thousand times. Therefore the level of certainty is higher. â€Å"It is certain† is based on factors like environment, eyewitness accou nts, evidence, etc. The level of certainty is higher than that of â€Å"I am certain†. Since fact is undefined at this point, what do we need for a knowledge claim to be held valid? Conviction is used by everyone everyday for a knowledge claim. Conviction also has a twist and turn and knowledge claims made by convictions changes over time. When teachers teach, they use their authority to implicate to the students that their teachings are true. Their authority is their conviction. Students will believe their teachers until they reached a new conclusion from something more convincing. Since absolute truth doesn’t exist in this dimension, we might as well believe anything that looks convincing to us. Nothing is fixed and doubt will always be with us. People will believe anything that looks convincing. For example, the landing on the moon looked convincing enough so people believed NASA but over the decades, their conviction was doubted and some people no longer held that to be valid. Accepting passionate, personal belief as knowledge is easy for oneself because the origin of the belief comes from you. For someone else to take in your personal beliefs, they consider many factors such as seriousness, possibility, levels of conviction, etc. first before accepting it. If someone says â€Å"I can eat five cheeseburgers for dinner† you may actually find that convincing because it is possible versus someone who says â€Å"I can eat fifty cheeseburgers† then you might not believe them. If someone were talking to you about their religion then you might find it hard to believe them because you have more faith in your own religion. Faith and self-confidence also play key roles in determining acceptations of personal beliefs. If someone has low self-confidence and little faith in their own beliefs, then they are more likely to believe someone else. If someone has strong faith and high self-esteem, then they have a strong barrier against invasion. Knowledge is still being researched and explored by many today. There are different levels of certainty for a belief. All beliefs are bias though and nothing in this world is pristine. People find something to be true if it looks convincing enough to them. Truth has many forms, but none in which we can see with our naked eye. Research Papers on Theory of Knowledge Essay - PhilosophyComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

Last man and overman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Last man and overman - Essay Example Plato believes that desire and thinking are in the body not of the body. However, Nietzsche thinks that last man comes from repression of body and instincts. Without the body, the soul cannot move beyond itself and see things objectively. Plato believes that the essence of soul is out there, beyond itself and is moving. Nietzsche agrees it is moving, although he claims that essence is secured in body. Ego and will both have contempt for the body but both have contentment in their thinking and desires. During studying this text, we can understand that the soul of the last man is not able to create beyond itself, but the soul of the overman is able to create beyond itself. There are some characteristics of the last man, such as cruelty, the longest life (because he has a great knowledge of health), happiness, reason, and virtue. If you deny the body, your sense cannot go beyond yourself and material things. The origin of the last man was already in Plato’s doctrine. Ego, will, and soul mean thinking, desire or will, and spirit respectively. The spirit of ego, will, and desire must be changed into the postmodern view on the soul and postmodern form. Soul controls the body of the last man, while the body controls soul in behalf of body. Soul is complete and it is never equal to body. Soul is in the body but not of the body. It goes towards rationality. The soul of the last man is the soul away from the body. Soul is like spirit, ego, thinking, and desire. Soul has contempt for the body, but it is only a spirit. Soul as spirit is immoral. Spirit without the body is the structure of the soul of last man. The soul cannot go beyond manmade happiness. The chapter â€Å"On the Despisers of the Body†, you are what your body is â€Å"Body am I, and soul†. The body created the ego and the spirit and it serves to itself. The self is the body and the spirit that the body created. The body is a great intelligence and the ruling part of

Texas Attorney General Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Texas Attorney General - Research Paper Example Secure confinement indicates that the court has committed a juvenile into the secure juvenile correctional facility’s custody for duration of a specific program that can run over a few months or many years. The detention of juveniles does not intend to be punitive; rather, they receive care that is consistent with that of the parent in the secure custody. The local jurisdiction or the state have the responsibility of providing recreation, counseling, education, assessment, health services and other required services in a youth’s maintenance and well-being in their custody. Reservations in the secure detention are for the juveniles who pose a threat to the safety of the public. Status offenders like juveniles who are charged with alcohol possession or running away from home may be held for only 24 hours or less. There are five types of residential programs in which juveniles are detained. These programs include camps, detention, corrections, residential treatment and community based. The wide placement variety options are because there is no uniform in these programs (Lissitz, Green, 1975). The youths are supposed to be accorded the appropriate services either in confinement facilities or in the detention centers. The services available differ from the different facilities but generally, the services and programs provided are geared towards the juvenile needs. The function of the facilities is to rehabilitate the youth. The service that offers primary rehabilitation is education and it is mandatory to the detained youth (Marx, 1998). The juvenile facilities that run schools, which are highly effective, provide general equivalency diploma preparation, high school curriculum, special education and opportunities of vocational training. The issues of major concerns in these centers are ineffectiveness and overcrowding. The facilities can create instability regarding simple logistics and become unstable and it becomes

Gap in Gender Pay Essay Example for Free

Gap in Gender Pay Essay INTRODUCTION: Although women are steadily making their mark in the business world and heading major corporations, the question remains, are they still earning less than their male counterparts? Throughout time there has been a definite difference between men and women and their median income. This wage gap cuts across a wide spectrum of occupations. However, in 1963 the Equal Pay Act was signed making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who hold the same job and do the same work. There may be many reasons for this gap in salaries; most of them may not be necessarily based on gender. The following research will investigate what causes the gap in earnings, if any, and examines various factors that may have an effect on the earnings of men and women. I. RESEARCH PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not women who are working the same types of jobs, with the same amount of education and experience are being compensated the same as men. Although women have made a significant pace in entering the workforce and in exploring a wider range of occupations, they may still be treading behind in wages earned compared to their male counterparts. Many years ago, it was thought that because women were not as well educated as men, did not have as much experience as men, and did not work as hard as men that the range of pay should not be the same. This is no longer true and women have been graduating from college at the same rate as men and are working just as hard as men. However, the wage gap between men and women remains and nationally, women earn 77 cents for every $1 earned by men (Head, 2008). Thus, despite a sense of continued progress toward gender equality in the workplace the gap between men and women still persists. The significance of this research issue may reveal an underlying discrimination between the sexes that many may believe has narrowed. The importance in equality of gender pay is not only that it is the right thing to do, but an equitable and competitive pay package improves employee recruitment and retention.  This concept benefits both the employer and the employee, male or female. Nonetheless, as long as this gap remains the more likely this issue will provide a main source of debate among the organizational workforce. II. PROBLEM DEFINITION: The study, by the American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, found that 10 years after college, women earn only 69% of what men earn. (USA Today, 2007) Defining the problem starts with an examination of the evidence to determine how big the gap truly is and whether discrimination is to blame. Essential variables that may have an impact on male-female wage differential such as ethnic background, age, and industry will be measured. Our team will research and find out how big the gap is what could be the cause, factors such as: a). Hours of work- some tend to think that men are more likely to work longer hours. b). Education levels-some tend to think that men on average is higher qualified and women invest less in their education. c). Workforce participation and experience-industries tend to think that women spend less time at work because of their domestic responsibilities to their children and family. The majority of organizations assume that young women are going to leave the workforce when they have children, and therefore will not promote them. d). Why is there such a gap between the amount on a mans paycheck compared to a womans? e). Occupation type- some think women are looking for an easy way out and they tend to seek out and cluster around a few occupations and industries because of the tastes of employers, male employees and customers. f). Are women given the same opportunities for advancement as men? Our team will investigate what percentage of these factors contributes to the difference in pay between these two genders and seek to find out if discrimination plays a part in this pay gap and will the gap disappear through educational achievements. Why do woman not have equal job opportunities? Jobs held by women pay less than jobs held by men, even though the job requires the same education and skills. A newly hired woman will get a lower paying assignment than a man who started working there the same time for the same employer. Not only that also, women do not receive the equal chances in promotions like men. Equal pay has been an issue for all working women for the past few decades. III. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS While some studies may reflect a sense of continued progress towards gender equality in the workplace, the federal government currently confirms that the workplace earnings gap amongst men and women is still prevalent today (About Management.Com). It is the educated guess of this team that men are paid at a substantially increased rate for performance in positions than women are paid to operate in those same positions. This hypothesis is deducted from observations made from current work situations, random peer discussions, and updated articles. More than forty years after the Federal Equal Pay Act, hard working women are still being paid less than men are on the job. There are numerous speculations that can be made in an attempt to explain this is behavior, such as career selections being made by men and women. Women tend to make decisions about employment based on convenience, meaning that women migrate to positions that will allow for them to maintain a active home life and still maintain a 40 hour work week, whereas men will more than likely trade an active home life for longer work hours, safety risks, frequent travel, longer work hours and extended commuting times to make the higher pay. While these practices may not be fair, they are a reality. The research provided in this paper will lead to three possible outcomes; it will either prove that men are paid at higher rates than women to operate in the same or similar positions, women are paid at higher rates than men to operate in the same or similar position, or men and women break even when it comes to wages and position. References Head, Lauren Lawley. (2008, April 23). Pay Gap Worth Steaming Over: Bizwomen.com. Retrieved April 29, 2008, from http://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/index.php/2008/04/23/pay-gap-worth-steaming-over/ Coutts, Justin. (2004, February). Policy Backgrounder, Business Roundtable. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.nzbr.org.nz/documents/policy/policy-2004/PB_No1.pdf Arndt, Bettina. (2006,October 16). Herald Sun.com. Why Men are paid More. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20586168-5000117,00.html

Modern Art Essay -- Manet, Rembrandt, Gaugin

This paper references the following works: Olympia. Edouard Manet. 1863. Oil on canvas. H. 130; W. 190 cm. Paris, Musà ©e d'Orsay Self Portrait. Rembrandt. 1660. Oil on canvas. 31.61 x 26.5 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Self Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gaugin. Vincent van Gogh. 1888. Oil on canvas. 60.5 x 49.4 cm. Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University Pieta. Anabale Carricci. 1600. Oil on canvas. 149 x 156 cm. Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. Woman with Dead Child. Kathe Kollowitz. 1903. Etching. 39 x 48 cm. To the casual viewer, Modern art is often shocking, amusing, indecipherable and unnerving because art has always been understood in terms of traditional representation. However at the turn of the nineteenth century, European artists began to rebel against the institution of classical art. To gain success as an artist in Europe up until this time, acceptance by the Royal Academies of Art was essential (Rosenfeld 2000). The approved style was that of classical antiquity depicting idealised historical, mythological and religious scenes and because the Academies controlled official patronage for artists, they set the rules for standards of â€Å"beauty† in art (Rosenfeld 2000). However with the rise of modernity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, art theory evolved. Modernity in this period was characterised by rapid growth of industry and technology in the city, which meant substantial social and economic innovation across Europe. Feelings of anxiety and instabil ity accompanied this rapid transformation (Sturken and Cartwright 2009, 449) and lead to a self-conscious awareness within artists and consumers alike. So strongly were the changes felt that artists began reinterpreting traditional subject matter to reflect this new modern age. Ultimately, Modern artists sought truth over beauty, a concept which encompassed both the physicality of painting as a medium as well as the artist’s sense of self in an endeavour to create â€Å"pure† art (Greenberg). Academic art strove to overcome the limitations of painting as a medium; surface flatness, canvas structure and properties of paint pigment (Kleiner 2009, 822), to create illusions of space and aesthetics. Modern artists reacted by emphasising the same properties to communicate original insights and observations. However, the popular notion that Modernism was a... ...3857?accountid=10382 (accessed Feb 4, 2015) Figure 2. Olympia. Edouard Manet. 1863. Oil on canvas. H. 130; W. 190 cm. Paris, Musà ©e d'Orsay offered to the French State by public subscription initiated by Claude Monet, 1890 © RMN-Grand Palais (Musà ©e d'Orsay) / Hervà © Lewandowski. Reproduced from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/cultureshock/flashpoints/visualarts/olympia_a.html (accessed Feb 4, 2015). Figure 3. Self Portrait. Rembrandt. 1660. Oil on canvas. 31.61 x 26.5 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. http://totallyhistory.com/self-portrait-altman/ (accessed Feb 4, 2015) Figure 4. Self Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gaugin. Vincent van Gogh. 1888. Oil on canvas. 60.5 x 49.4 cm. Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/gogh/self/gogh.self-gauguin.jpg (accessed Feb 4, 2015) Figure 5. Pieta. Anabale Carricci. 1600. Oil on canvas. 149 x 156 cm. Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/annibale-carracci/pieta-1600 (accessed Feb 4, 2015) Figure 6. Woman with Dead Child. Kathe Kollowitz. 1903. Etching. 39 x 48 cm. oj0 http://hammer.ucla.edu/programs/detail/program_id/204 (accessed Feb 4, 2015)

Sleep Terrors

Sleep terrors are commonly known by a few terms, including sleep terrors, night terrors, sleep terror disorder, and pavor nocturnus. The person having a sleep terror will awaken from a dream crying or screaming, which may last for minutes. The person is difficult to awaken and confused. There is no recollection of the dream once awake. Sometimes the person can be violent by swinging their fists or punching. This paper will look in depth at sleep terrors and give a concise review of the causes, prevalence, treatment, symptoms, and safety measures in the sleep lab when dealing with sleep terrors. Definition The definition of sleep terrors is â€Å"a sleep disorder involving abrupt awakening from sleep in a terrified state† (Kiriakopoulos, 2005, p. 1). â€Å"The cause is unknown but night terrors are commonly associated with periods of emotional tension, stress, or conflict† (Kiriakopoulos, 2005). Overview To understand sleep terrors, you first need to understand normal sleep patterns. â€Å"Normal sleep cycles involve distinct stages from light drowsiness to deep sleep† (Kiriakopoulos, 2005, p. 1). These include REM and non-REM sleep. Non-REM sleep involves four stages. The normal sleeping person will have several cycles of REM and non-REM sleep through the night. Night terrors occur during deep sleep, which occurs during stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep, beginning approximately 90 minutes after falling asleep (Connelly, 2003) and they generally have a duration of 10 to 20 minutes. The patient usually screams in panic, but there is no memory of what caused them to be scared. (Kiriakopoulos, 2005) Sleep terrors are like nightmares but with certain distinct differences. Nightmares normally occur during REM sleep vs. sleep terrors occurring during deep sleep. Nightmares are most common in the early morning vs. sleep terrors occurring during the first one-third of the night. The sleeper can remember the details of a nightmare vs. a sleep terror, which cannot be remembered. Sleep terrors are not normal, but â€Å"nightmares are normal on occasion, especially after frightening movies/TV shows or emotional situations† (Kiriakopoulos, 2005, p. 1). â€Å"The sleep disorder of night terrors typically occurs in children aged 3-12 years, with a peak onset in children aged 3? years† (Connelly, 2005, p. 1). Boys, girls, and children of all races are equally affected by sleep terrors. An estimated 1-6% of children experience night terrors† (Connelly, 2005,p. 1). Sleep terrors can be familiar. By adolescence, most children have outgrown sleep terrors. (Connelly, 2005) Sleep terrors can run in families. Although uncommon, adults may have sleep terrors but they are associated â€Å"with emotional tension and/or the use of alcohol† (Kiriakopoulos, 2005, p. 1). Although sleep terrors are â€Å"not directly caused by a general medical condition or substance use, including medications and drugs of abuse, these symptoms cause clinically important distress or impair work, social or personal functioning† (Narcolepsy Association UK, 2003). Diagnosis â€Å"Usually, a complete history and a physical examination are sufficient to diagnose night terrors† (Connolly, 2003, p. 6). Review of symptoms is necessary for accurate diagnosis of all sleep disorders. In many cases, considering the symptoms, no tests are necessary. (Kiriakopoulos, 2005) It is important to rule out seizure disorders and nightmares when making the differential diagnosis of sleep terror. (Narcolepsy Association UK, 2003) This may include an electroencephalogram (EEG) which measures brain activity and can rule out a seizure disorder, or a sleep study to rule out other sleep disorders. Other tests such as CT Scans and MRI’s are unnecessary. (Connelly, 2003) The cause is unknown. Sleep terrors are frequently brought on by â€Å"stress, fever, sleep deprivation, and medications that affect the central nervous system† (Connelly, 2003, p. 2). Symptoms Symptoms of sleep terrors include sudden awakening from sleep. â€Å"During each episode the patient shows evidence of marked fear and autonomic arousal, such as rapid breathing, rapid heartbeat and sweating† (Narcolepsy Association UK, 2003). When awakened from the sleep terror, the person is difficult to comfort and is unable to explain what happened or recall the dream, though they may have a sense of being frightened. â€Å"They will have no memory of the event on awakening the next day† Kiriakopoulos, 2005, p. 1). Thankfully, sleep terrors generally only occur once per night. (Narcolepsy Association UK, 2003) Treatment, Prognosis, And Prevention There is no true treatment for sleep terrors. It is important to â€Å"educate the family about the disorder and reassuring them that the episodes are not harmful† (Connelly, 2003, p. ). â€Å"Comfort and reassurance are the only treatment required† (Kiriakopoulos, 2005, p. 1). It is important for parents of children with sleep disorders to take the following precautions. â€Å"Make the child’s room safe to prevent the child from being injured during an episode, eliminate all sources of sleep disturbance, and maintaining a consistent bedtime routin e and wake-up time† (Connelly, 2003, p. 7). When medication is used, it is benzodiazepine or benadryl given just prior to or at bedtime. These medications will reduce sleep terrors. Although rare, â€Å"in severe cases, in which daily activities (for example, school performance or peer or family relations) are affected† (Connelly, 2003, p. 8), the person may require antidepressant therapy. â€Å"Minimizing stress or using coping mechanisms may reduce night terrors. The number of episodes usually decreases after age 10† (Sheth, 2005, p. 1). Most children outgrow night terrors. When this does not occur, â€Å"stress reduction and/or psychotherapy may be helpful for sleep terror in adults† (Kiriakopoulos, 2005, p. 1). â€Å"Night terrors may also be treated with hypnosis and guided imagery echniques† (Narcolepsy Association UK, 2003, p. 1). There are also support groups available. Role of the Polysomnographic Technologist The sleep technologist is responsible for the patient during the polysomnography study. The technologist needs to have reviewed the patient’s questionnaire and be prepared for the outburst and confusion that may occur during a sleep terror event. The technologist needs skills to comfort and protect the patient during a terror. The patient may be combative so the technologist would need to be able to protect the patient and any near him from hitting and punching that could occur. It would be important to be able to gently restrain them so they are both comforted and safe. Polysomnographic Record Of A 3 Year Old With Sleep Terror Disorder Summary/Conclusion Sleep terror disorder is a sleep disorder that involves waking from deep sleep in a panic. The person is difficult to arouse and confused. If they can recall any of the dream at that time, when they wake then next day, they will not remember that the terror even occurred. The disorder occurs mostly in young children before their teen years begin. Most children out grow the disorder, but some adults are affected. Diagnosis is simple, requiring few tests. Treatment is mostly supportive requiring education of the family and comfort of the individual with the sleep terror disorder. In rare cases, psychotherapy and/or counseling may be necessary if it affect the persons daily functioning and relationships. Sleep terrors are very interesting to me. I have never even known anyone with terrors, and but the prevalence is enough that most people should know someone with the disorder. Although the diagnosis is usually easy, the sleep technologist has a role in the diagnosis when more than the patient’s symptoms are needed.